חדש מצות עשה שהזמן גרמא. to blow Shofar on Rosh HaShana that falls out on Shabbos wherever a Bais Din convened. רבנ יוחננ בנ זכאי of ראש השנה דף ל

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1 בס"ד A Intro A.מסכת ראש השנה of דף ל learn בע"ה Today we will Some of the topics we will learn about today include: A continuation of the discussion about the Takana of Rabban Yochana Ben Zakai to blow Shofar on Rosh HaShana that falls out on Shabbos, wherever a Bais Din convened. רבנ יוחננ בנ זכאי of תקנה to blow Shofar on Rosh HaShana that falls out on Shabbos wherever a Bais Din convened Other Takanos that were instituted by Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakai, including performing the Mitzva of ד מינים on Sukkos for all 7 days of the chag, and hearing testimony of witnesses for the new moon, the entire day. תקנות Other רבנ יוחננ בנ זכאי of B Some of the key topics and concepts that we will learn about include: מצות עשה שהזמן גרמא Women are generally exempt from positive Mitzvos linked to time Mitzvos which must be performed on a specific day, or a specific time of the day. B מצות עשה שהזמן גרמא חדש Any grain that has taken root after the Korban HaOmer is brought on the 16th of Nissan, may not be eaten until the Korban HaOmer of the following year. The Korban HaOmer is an offering of barley that is brought on the second day of Pesach. The 16th of Nissan is also known as because the Omer offering is waved by the Kohen in all,יום הנף.מזבח directions, while he is standing near the חדש Rosh Hashana 30-1

2 1 So let s review.. The Mishna on the previous Daf taught; משחרב בהמ"ק התקין רבן יוחנן בן זכאי שיהו תוקעין בכל מקום שיש בו ב"ד After the Bais HaMikdash was destroyed, Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai instituted that the Shofar should be blown on Shabbos wherever there was a Beis Din - which Rashi explains as referring to a סנהדרי קטנה of 23 Judges. The Gemara explains that the Tanna Kamma holds that this may be done even בי דינא דאקראי Even if a סנהדרי קטנה of 23 Judges temporarily convened somewhere other than their permanent seat, they may blow Shofar there. אמר רבי אלעזר לא התקין רבן יוחנן בן זכאי אלא ביבנה בלבד סנהדרי Rebbe Elazar holds that the Takanah was only where the adds; of 71 judges convened as in Yavneh. As Rashi גדולה וכן בכל מקום שגלתה סנהדרין So too, in the other places where the Sanhedrin was exiled, as.דף לא detailed further on אבל לא בבית דין של עשרים ושלשה 1 תנא קמא משחרב בהמ"ק התקין רבן יוחנן בן זכאי שיהו תוקעין בכל מקום שיש בו ב"ד רבי אלעזר לא התקין רבן יוחנן בן זכאי אלא ביבנה בלבד אמרו לו אחד יבנה ואחד כל מקום שיש בו בית דין סנהדרי קטנה 23 Judges סנהדרי גדולה 71 judges וכן בכל מקום שגלתה סנהדרין סנהדרי קטנה 23 Judges בי דינא דאקראי קבוע דומיא דיבנה אמרו לו אחד יבנה ואחד כל מקום שיש בו בית דין The Gemara explains that this is a third opinion. Shofar may indeed be blown even בבית דין של עשרים ושלשה But only, as Rashi explains, קבוע דומיא דיבנה In the permanent seat of this Beis Din. 2 The Gemara next cites a ruling of הונא,רב in which there are two versions: אמר רב הונא ועם בית דין -1- That which Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakai had instituted that in Yavne, or at another Beis Din, it is מותר to blow the Shofar even on Shabbos, is only עם בית דין which means בפני בית דין In the presence of Beis Din, since they would remind the people that one may not carry the Shofar of Shabbos לאפוקי שלא בפני בית דין דלא However, outside the presence of Beis Din, it is,אסור because of.גזירה שמא יעבירנו ד' אמות ברשות הרבים the And this is what the Mishna meant That Yerushalayim had an additional מעלה over Yavne, but the first one was not mentioned; דאילו בירושלים תוקעין בין בפני ב"ד בין שלא בפני בית דין וביבנה בפני בית דין אין שלא בפני בית דין לא In Yerushalayim, the Shofar was blown on Shabbos, both in the presence of the Bais Din and not in the presence of Bais Din, in Yavne, Shofar was blown on Shabbos only in the presence of Bais Din. 2 אמר רב הונא ועם בית דין לאפוקי שלא בפני בית דין דלא גזירה שמא יעבירנו ד' אמות ברשות הרבים It s מותר to blow on Shabbos only בפני בית דינ This is what the Mishna meant דאילו בירושלים תוקעין בין בפני ב"ד בין שלא בפני בית דין וביבנה בפני בית דין אין שלא בפני בית דין לא Rosh Hashana 30-2

3 3 The second version; Rav Huna was referring to Yom Kippur of Yovel, where the Posuk says; ביום הכיפורים תעבירו שופר בכל ארצכם מלמד שכל יחיד ויחיד חייב לתקוע Each individual has an obligation to blow the Shofar. בפני ב"ד as ועם בית דין Here, we obviously cannot interpret בזמן בית דין rather לאפוקי שלא בזמן בית דין דלא Only during the time when Beis Din is in session, but not when Beis Din is not in session - 3 SECOND VERSION אמר רב הונא ועם בית דין בזמנ בית דינ לאפוקי שלא בזמן בית דין דלא Referring to Yom Kippur of Yovel: ביומ הכיפורימ תעבירו שופר בכל ארצכמ מלמד שכל יחיד ויחיד חייב לתקוע 4 Although the Mishnah earlier on דף כ"ו ע"ב taught: שוה היובל לראש השנה לתקיעה ולברכות Rosh HaShana has similar Halachos to Yom Kippur of the Yovel year regarding the blowing of the Shofar and the Tefillos of the day However they ARE different in this regard: ביובל בזמן ב"ד תוקעין בין בפני בית דין בין שלא בפני ב"ד On Yom Kippur of Yovel, when Beis Din is in session the shofar may be sounded even not in the presence of Bais Din. 4 Mishnah earlier: שוה היובל לראש השנה לתקיעה ולברכות בר"ה תוקעין בזמן ב"ד ובפני ב"ד While on Rosh HaShana which falls out on Shabbos, the shofar may only be sounded WHILE Beis Din is in session, AND in the PRESENCE of Bais Din, which conforms to the opinion of Rav Huna mentioned above. However they are different in this regard: ביובל בזמן ב"ד תוקעין בין בפני בית דין בין שלא בפני ב"ד בר"ה תוקעין בזמן ב"ד ובפני ב"ד 5 The Mishnah continues: יבנה over מעלה Yerushalayim had another שכל עיר שהיא רואה ושומעת וקרובה ויכולה לבוא תוקעין וביבנה לא היו תוקעין אלא בב"ד בלבד All cities close to Yerushalayim would also blow shofar on Shabbos, while in the city of Yavne shofar was only blown in the Beis Din itself, and not in surrounding areas. The Gemara points out that it must meet all of these four criteria: רואה ליושבת בנחל It sees Yerushalayim, excluding a city in a valley שומעת ליושבת בראש ההר It hears Yerushalyim, excluding a city on top of a mountain קרובה ליושבת חוץ לתחום תחום and not further than the,תחום It must be within the ויכולה לבוא למפסיק לה נהרא One can come to Yerushalayim from there, excluding where a river separates it. 5 שכל עיר שהיא רואה ושומעת וקרובה ויכולה לבוא תוקעין The Gemara points out it must meet all of these four criteria: רואה ליושבת בנחל שומעת ליושבת בראש ההר קרובה ליושבת חוץ לתחום וביבנה לא היו תוקעין אלא בב"ד בלבד ויכולה לבוא למפסיק לה נהרא Rosh Hashana 30-3

4 6 Zugt the Mishnah: בראשונה היה הלולב ניטל במקדש שבעה ובמדינה יום אחד Originally, the Mitzvah of ד מינים was performed all 7 days of Sukkos only in the Bais HaMikdash. Rashi explains that the Pasuk in full reads; ולקחתם לכם ביום הראשון פרי עץ הדר כפות תמרים וענף עץ עבות וערבי נחל ושמחתם לפני ה אלקיכם שבעת ימים refers to the Beis HaMikdash, where the Mitzvah לפני ה אלקיכם is performed ימים,שבעת all seven days. everywhere else, where the Mitzvah,מדינה refers to ולקחתם לכם is performed only. on the first day,ביום הראשון משחרב בית המקדש התקין רבן יוחנן בן זכאי שיהא לולב ניטל במדינה שבעה זכר למקדש After the destruction of the Bais HaMikdash, Rabban Yochanan ben Zakai instituted that the Mitzvah of ד מינים be performed all 7 days, everywhere. HaMikdash. to commemorate the practice in the Bais,זכר למקדש 6 בראשונה היה הלולב ניטל במקדש שבעה ובמדינה יום אחד ולקחתמ לכמ ביומ הראשונ... ושמחתמ לפני ה אלקיכמ שבעת ימימ משחרב בית המקדש התקין רבן יוחנן בן זכאי שיהא לולב ניטל במדינה שבעה זכר למקדש כי אעלה ארוכה לכ וממכותיכ ארפאכ נאמ ה' כי נדחה קראו לכ ציונ היא דורש אינ לה מכלל דבעיא דרישה As the Pasuk in ירמיה states; 'כי אעלה ארוכה לך וממכותיך ארפאך נאם ה כי נדחה קראו לך ציון היא דורש אין לה The nations of the world disgrace ציון as forsaken, with nobody seeking her: מכלל דבעיא דרישה.ציון This teaches that we must seek and remember This Posuk served as the basis for רבן יוחנן בן זכאי to institute customs which will remind us of ירושלים and the בית המקדש until.גאולה שלימה במהרה בימינו we merit the 7 The Mishna lists another Takana of Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakai, ושיהא יום הנף כולו אסור - Nissan all day on the 16th of אסור remains חדש 7 Another Takana of Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakai: ושיהא יום הנף כולו אסור all day א ור remains חדש on the 16th of Nissan Rosh Hashana 30-4

5 8 As the Gemara and Rashi explain: The Posuk states; ולחם וקלי וכרמל לא תאכלו עד עצם היום הזה.עד הביאכם את קרבן אלקיכם 8 ולחמ וקלי וכרמל לא תאכלו עד עצמ היומ הזה עד הביאכמ את קרבנ אלקיכמ until - The new grain may not be eaten חדש מסכת מנחות The Posuk gives us two times, which the Gemara in follows: reconciles as דף סח - refers קרבן העומר until you bring the עד הביאכם את קרבן אלקיכם to בזמן שבית המקדש קיים When the Beis HaMikdash was standing Therefore, משקרב העומר הותר חדש מיד As soon as the Korban was brought, חדש was permitted. הרחוקים מותרין מחצות היום ולהלן Those who lived far away could not know exactly when the Korban was brought. Therefore, they waited until midday, when they would be certain that the Korban had been brought לפי שאין ב"ד מתעצלים בו בזמן שאין בית המקדש קיים בזמן שבית המקדש קיים Therefore, משקרב העומר הותר חדש מיד הרחוקים מותרין מחצות היום ולהלן לפי שאין ב"ד מתעצלים בו 9 until this very day of the 16th of Nissan refers to עד עצם היום הזה בזמן שאין בית המקדש קיים When the Beis HaMikdash is no longer standing עד Now, there is a Machlokes in how to interpret the word UNTIL The Tanna Kamma of the Mishnah there holds עד ולא עד בכלל When the Torah says חדש is forbidden until the 16th day, it does NOT include the 16th day Therefore, the new grain is permitted first thing in the morning. holds רבי יהודה - עד ועד בכלל When the Torah says חדש is forbidden until the 16th day, it DOES include the 16th day Therefore, the new grain is only permitted in the evening. 9 There s a Machlokes in how to interpret עד תנא קמא עד ולא עד בכלל רבי יהודה עד ועד בכלל The new grain is permitted in the EVENING The new grain is permitted in the MORNING Rosh Hashana 30-5

6 10 The Gemara explains the reason of Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakai s תקנה according to both opinions: According to the Tanna Kamma מהרה יבנה בית המקדש ויאמרו אשתקד מי לא אכלנו בהאיר מזרח עכשיו נמי ניכול Be H the Beis HaMikdash shall be rebuilt speedily in our days, and people will assume that חדש is permitted at daybreak as in all the previous years, without realizing that this year they must.חצות is actually brought, or until קרבן העומר wait until the 10 He could not institute waiting until,חצות out of concern דאיבני בחמיסר סמוך לשקיעת החמה אי נמי דאיבני בליליא The Beis HaMikdash might be rebuilt late on the 15th, and there would not be enough time to bring the קרבן העומר until late on the 16th. Therefore, רבן יוחנן בן זכאי said יום הנף כולו אסור,שיהא that Nissan. all day on the 16th of אסור shall remain חדש According to Rebbe Yehuda, Chadash is אסור מדאורייתא all day,תקנה did not enact a new רבן יוחנן בן זכאי Therefore, on the 16th. rather The reason of s רבן יוחנן בן זכאי תקנה מהרה יבנה בית המקדש ויאמרו אשתקד מי לא אכלנו בהאיר מזרח עכשיו נמי ניכול דרש והתקין He could not institute חצות waiting until דאיבני בחמיסר סמוך לשקיעת החמה אי נמי דאיבני בליליא He taught and reminded the people that until now דרש והתקין we had the Beis HaMikdash, and חדש became permitted sometime during the day but now that there is no Beis HaMikdash, חדש remains אסור all day on the 16th of Nissan. 11 Zugt the Mishnah: 11 בראשונה היו מקבלין עדות החדש כל היום Originally, testimony regarding the new moon was received on the day of the 30th of the month the entire day, up until nightfall. פעם אחת נשתהו העדים מלבוא ונתקלקלו הלוים בשיר One time, the witnesses came late in the day, which caused תמיד של בין recited with the שיר של יום confusion regarding the.תמיד - the afternoon הערבים In the Gemara, some explained שלא אמרו שירה כל עיקר They did not sing any שיר at all, as they were uncertain whether this day would be sanctified as Yom Tov or not. Others say בראשונה היו מקבלין עדות החדש כל היום פעם אחת נשתהו העדים מלבוא ונתקלקלו הלוים בשיר Some explained שלא אמרו שירה כל עיקר Others say שאמרו שירה של חול שאמרו שירה של חול They sang the weekday שיר rather than the שיר of Yom Tov. Rosh Hashana 30-6

7 12 At which point, 12 התקינו שלא יהו מקבלין אלא עד המנחה The חכמים instituted that testimony should only be received up until Mincha time, which was 9 ½ hours into the day. משחרב בית המקדש התקין רבן יוחנן בן זכאי שיהו מקבלין עדות החדש כל :היום Once the Bais HaMikdash was destroyed and there were no Rabban Yochanan,קלקול השיר and no more concern for,קרבנות ben Zakai instituted that, once again, testimony may be accepted all day. התקינו שלא יהו מקבלין אלא עד המנחה 9 ½ hours into the day משחרב בית המקדש התקין רבן יוחנן בן זכאי שיהו מקבלין עדות החדש כל היום Rosh Hashana 30-7

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